Sex in the Media free essay sample

Anyone who turns on the TV today can see that sex is a big factor in TV shows, commercials and just about everything on TV. Even shows that are intended for young children have some innuendos and even show kissing. The media in America has changed and continues to change how the youth and children of America view sex and its value. This paper will use examples of current shows in the media is affecting the youth in America. Back in the 1960’s the first time â€Å"The Brady Bunch† showed the mom and dad sleeping in the same bed there was uproar from the families all around America. When this happened the mom and dad were in their pajamas and were sitting in bed talking and not touching. Since that time sex has slowly become a very prevalent vein throughout the entertainment and even selling points on TV and on the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex in the Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some statistics of this are: * Estimated number of TV homes: 109. 6 million * Average time kids spend watching TV each day: 4 Hours Children spend more time watching television than in any other activity except sleep. Huston and Wright, University of Kansas. Television and Socialization of Young Children. * 54% of kids have a TV in their bedroom. Ibid * 44% of kids say they watch something different when theyre alone than with their parents (25% choose MTV) * 66% of children (ages 10 to 16) surveyed say that their peers are influenced by TV shows * 62% say that sex on TV shows and movies influences kids to have sex when they are too young * 77% say there is too much sex before marriage on television Pulled from http://www. parentstv. org/PTC/facts/mediafacts. asp) If 54% of children have a TV in their room and they watch different shows when alone than when they are with a parent – what are they getting from TV? Teens are saying that their SEX IN THE MEDIA3 friends and peers are being influenced by the shows and movies they are watching. Youth are even stating that there is too much premarital sex on TV. With this much sex being drilled into the minds of our youth there is little hope of them having strong moral values. The rise of social media has also become an issue with children and the increase of sex in the media. CNN reported that the growth of technology and social media has exploded over the recent years. One example used in this report was that by the age of 2 children already have histories online. By age 7 or 8 children are pretty proficient at using the computers. (Clinton/Steyer, 2012) Many adults joke about the fact that if they can’t fix their Smartphone all they have to do is take it to a child and that child will be able to accomplish what they can not figure out. With children being able to easily do so much with technology it is getting ever increasingly harder for parents to effectively monitor what their children are being subjected to when it comes to sex in the media. In TV shows like One Tree Hill, The Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl and many other shows geared towards the teens of America, the characters sleep with just about every other character without much consequence or truly realizing what they are doing. For example, Gossip Girl is about people who live on the upper east side of New York City. This show starts out with the main character having just come back into town. She originally left town because she drank too much and had sex with her best friends boyfriend. Although there is a lot of drama when this all comes out in the show, it is quickly resolved and everyone gets along again before the end of the first season. In this show everyone sleeps with everyone and there are rarely, if ever, long SEX IN THE MEDIA4 term consequences. There are also only a few pregnancy scares and no mention f any Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Even during the day when kids are home there are shows on that are not age appropriate. Most of the time they are shows that are meant for adults to watch after the kids go to bed in the evening but they show the re-runs at all times of the day. And cartoons are not much better. There are even cartoons that are not meant for children, like Family Guy and South Park. In these shows many of these shows they make direct sexual comments and jokes and us es profanity often. Both of these cartoons are crude and are very much meant for adults but being that they are a cartoon, many kids can come across them and end up watching them. Unfortunately, with TV’s being in the bedrooms of over half the American children parents may not be able to provide parental discretion. Not to mention that many parents who have grown up with the rise of sex on TV do not realize that what their children are watching is affecting them. When TV first came into American culture very few shows even mentioned sex. Now, it mentioned regularly in the shows and commercials that we watch. Children younger than 8 cannot uniformly discriminate between real life and fantasy/entertainment†¦ They quickly learn that violence is an acceptable solution to resolving even complex problems, particularly if the aggressor is the hero. †Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ (Parents Television Council, 2005) According to this statistic, Children are being taught that what they see on TV is how real life is and this will inevitably affect them as they grow. To see how the media is changing the view of sex in the youth of America, go to a local high school and observe how the young ladies are dressing. More and more skin is allowed and SEX IN THE MEDIA5 very few of them understand how this affects their image in the world. On TV girls get away with wearing close to nothing and it seemingly does not affect the male characters in the show until â€Å"just the right time† when the girl wants them too. According to an article in Journal of the National Medical Association â€Å"In a study of 75 adolescent girls, in which half the girls were pregnant; the pregnant girls reported watching more soap operas than their non-pregnant counterparts and were less likely to believe that heir favorite soap opera stars used any form of birth control. † (Earles/Alexandar/Johnson/Liverpool/McGhee, 2002) In the media girls see that â€Å"everyone† is doing it but are rarely if ever taught about the adverse affects of â€Å"doing it†. Even when they are shown the adverse affects, everything seems to just work out no matter what. â€Å"In the most recent content analysis of American primetime TV, more than three-fourths of the shows had sexual content; yet less than 15% contained any references to responsible sexuality, abstinence, the risk of pregnancy, or the risk of sexually transmitted infections. (Brown, 2007) The problem with this is that teens are not learning how to be sexually active responsibly; they are just learning that they are supposed to be sexually active. Not only are they not learning the responsibility of the physical things that can happen they are not learning that sex is not just a physical act and that many people are hurt emotionally when things do not work out as they thing that it should and they have been sexually involved with that person. On TV the characters move on quickly and have little or not remorse about the bad decisions they have made and how their decisions usually do not affect only them but also those around them. The media is also not teaching the young men of America how to treat women with respect. In an article in the Academic Search Premier â€Å"Most of the messages concerned men SEX IN THE MEDIA6 seeing women as  sex  objects,  sex  as a competition,  sex  as a defining aspect of masculinity, and  sex  as fun and exciting (Ward, 1995). (Sommers/Gleason, 2001) Women in the media are shown more as sex symbols than as human beings worth the respect of men. In the media it is subtly taught that women should be treated nice but that they are just there for the use of men. Sex is also not usually shown as something that should happen when people fall in love. In the media sex is used as a weapon to gain what that person may need in that moment. Sex is also used to burn off steam and that sex is always fun. For example in the show Grey’s Anatomy a woman sleeps with one man while she is thinking about another man. This is how sex is depicted on the regular TV. There is another aspect of the media that is not only affecting the youth of America but is affecting families and the general public of the American people. This aspect of the media is pornography. Pornography is an industry that is â€Å"generating $13 billion in just the US in 2006†. (Bryant/Oliver, 2009) Pornography has grown from dirty magazines to videos and movies that are very easily accessible. Pornography used to be an industry that was looked down upon and was not socially acceptable. However, now watching porn is something that is almost considered normal for guys to watch. The magazine sales have decreased over the years only to be replaced by channels of porn on cable and pay per view. Then internet is also growing immensely when it comes to pornography. Anyone can go onto Google or any other search engine and just type in the word porn and hundreds of pages come up where a person can view hours of pornographic videos and images. Without parental controls on computers children can easily run across these sites and see images that they are too young to understand. SEX IN THE MEDIA7 Because the media has increased the amount of sex, the view of sex is ever changing in America. This change is not good because it is working for people to see each other as something that they can use. The media is not teaching the youth of America to respect one another or that sex is important. It is teaching that sex is a part of life that feels good but has little to no consequences. This is not a real life outlook on sex and in the long run it is going to severely hurt the morals that the youth of America are already losing on a daily basis.

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones Mammoth bone dwellings are a very early type of housing constructed by Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in central Europe during the Late Pleistocene. A mammoth (Mammuthus primogenus, and also known as Woolly Mammoth) was a type of enormous ancient now-extinct elephant, a hairy large-tusked mammal that stood ten feet tall as an adult. Mammoths roamed most of the world, including the continents of Europe and North America, until they died out at the end of the Pleistocene. During the late Pleistocene, mammoths provided meat and skin for human hunter-gatherers, fuel for fires, and, in some cases during the Upper Paleolithic of central Europe, as building materials for houses. A mammoth bone dwelling is typically a circular or oval structure with walls made of stacked large mammoth bones  often modified to allow them to be lashed together or implanted into the soil. Within the interior is typically found a central hearth or several scattered hearths. The hut is generally surrounded by numerous large pits, full of mammoth and other animal bones. Ashy concentrations with flint artifacts appear to represent middens; many of the mammoth bone settlements have a preponderance of ivory and bone tools. External hearths, butchering areas, and flint workshops are often found in association with the hut: scholars call these combinations Mammoth Bone Settlements (MBS). Dating mammoth bone dwellings has been problematic. The earliest dates were between 20,000 and 14,000 years ago, but most of these have been re-dated to between 14,000-15,000 years ago. However, the oldest known MBS is from the Molodova site, a Neanderthal Mousterian occupation located on the Dniester River of Ukraine, and dated some 30,000 years earlier than most of the known Mammoth Bone Settlements. Archaeological Sites There is considerable debate about many of these sites, leading to more confusion about how many mammoth bone huts have been identified. All have massive amounts of mammoth bone, but the debate for some of them centers on whether the bone deposits include mammoth-bone structures. All of the sites date to the Upper Paleolithic period (Gravettian or Epi-Gravettian), with the sole exception of Molodova 1, which dates to the Middle Stone Age and is associated with Neanderthals. Penn State archaeologist  Pat Shipman  has provided additional sites (and the map) to include in this list, which includes some very dubious attributions: Ukraine:  Molodova 5,  Molodova I,  Mezhirich, Kiev-Kirillovskii, Dobranichevka, Mezin,  Ginsy,  Novgorod-seversky,  Gontsy, Pushkari, RadomyshlCzech Republic:  Predmosti,  Dolni Vestonice, Vedrovice 5, Milovice GPoland:  Dzierzyslaw, Krakow-Spadzista Street BRomania:  Ripiceni-IzvorRussia:  Kostenki I, Avdeevo, Timonovka, Elisseevich, Suponevo,  YudinovoBelarus: Berdyzh Settlement Patterns In the Dnepr river region of Ukraine, numerous mammoth bone settlements have been found and recently re-dated to the epi-Gravettian between 14,000 and 15,000 years ago. These mammoth bone huts are typically located on old river terraces, above and within a ravine trending down to a slope overlooking the river. This type of location is believed to have been a strategic one, as it is placed in the path or near the pathway of what would have been migrating animal herds between the steppe plain and the riverside. Some mammoth bone dwellings are isolated structures; others have up to six dwellings, although they may not have been occupied at the same time. Evidence for contemporaneity of dwelling has been identified by refits of tools: for example, at  Mezhirich  in Ukraine, it appears that at least three dwellings were occupied at the same time. Shipman (2014) has argued that sites such as Mezhirich and others with mega-deposits of mammoth bone (known as mammoth mega-sites) were made possible by the introduction of dogs as hunting partners,   Mammoth Bone Hut Dates Mammoth bone dwellings are not the only or first type of house:  Upper Paleolithic  open-air houses are found as pit-like depressions excavated into the subsoil or based with stone rings or postholes, like that seen at Pushkari or  Kostenki. Some UP houses are partly built of bone and partly of stone and wood, such as Grotte du Reine, France. Sources Demay L, Pà ©an S, and Patou-Mathis M. 2012.  Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4,   Quaternary International  276-277:212-226. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019Molodova I (Ukraine).Gaudzinski S, Turner E, Anzidei AP, lvarez-Fernndez E, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Cinq-Mars J, Dobosi VT, Hannus A, Johnson E, Mà ¼nzel SC et al. 2005.  The use of Proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life.  Quaternary International  126–128(0):179-194. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.022Germonprà © M, Sablin M, Khlopachev GA, and Grigorieva GV. 2008. Possible evidence of mammoth hunting during the Epigravettian at Yudinovo, Russian Plain.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(4):475-492. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2008.07.003Iakovleva L, and Djindjian F. 2005.  New data on Mammoth bone settlements of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Gontsy site (Ukraine).  Quaternary International   126–128:195-207.Iakovleva L, Djindjian F, Maschenko EN, Konik S, and Moigne AM. 2012.  The late Upper Palaeolithic site of Gontsy (Ukraine): A reference for the reconstruction of the   Quaternary International  255:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.004hunter–gatherer system based on a mammoth economy. Iakovleva LA, and Djindjian F. 2001. New data on mammoth bone dwellings of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Ginsy site (Ukraine). Paper given at the World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome 2001Marquer L, Lebreton V, Otto T, Valladas H, Haesaerts P, Messager E, Nuzhnyi D, and Pà ©an S. 2012.  Charcoal scarcity in Epigravettian settlements with mammoth bone dwellings: the taphonomic evidence from Mezhyrich (Ukraine).  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(1):109-120.Pà ©an S. 2010. Mammoth and subsistence practices during the Mid Upper Palaeolithic of Central Europe (Moravia, Czech Republic). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, and Palombo MR, editors.  The World of Elephants - Proceedings of the 1st International Congress.  Rome: Consiglio Nazionale  delle  Ricerche. p 331-336.Shipman P. 2015.  The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Harvard: Cambridge.Shipman P. 2014.  How do you kill 86 mammoths ? Taphonomic investigations of mammoth   Quaternary International  (in press). 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.048megasites. Svoboda J, Pà ©an S, and Wojtal P. 2005.  Mammoth bone deposits and subsistence practices during Mid-Upper Palaeolithic in Central Europe: three cases from Moravia and Poland.  Quaternary International  126–128:209-221.Wojtal P, and Sobczyk K. 2005.  Man and  woolly  mammoth at the Krakà ³w Spadzista Street (B) – taphonomy of the site.  Journal of Archaeological Science  32(2):193-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.005

Perceived Stress for Middle School Principals Essay

Perceived Stress for Middle School Principals - Essay Example eform movement was unlike any previous laws enacted in the past, and it literally reshaped the traditional school system that had been a mainstay of American culture for well over two centuries. President Bush actually drew upon his various experiences as governor of Texas in helping to draft the No Child Left Behind Act. This particular reform movement carried many similarities to legislation passed in the Texas during the 1990s, only now to implemented on a national scale (Debray, 2005). Upon coming into office, the Bush administration quickly set forth an ambitious educational reform agenda and, by 2001, it was already evident that legislation would be drafted that would be unlike any previous attempts at educational reform made by other Presidents before him (Sunderman, 2005). During this time, is also became well known that certain provisions within NCLB itself would be completely new to professional educators and the public alike. This included the provision for state mandated testing, the frequency with which such exams would be required, and the disciplines that the tests would encompass. The legislation also mandated a strict focus on improving scores in the areas of mathematics and reading, as well as setting aside funding and penalties for thousands of schools almost immediately upon the signing of the actual legislation (Sunderman & Kim, 2005). One area that quickly became a target was local school districts. They were required to give up control over the student assessment process in deference to new federal guidelines and procedures. The No Child Left Behind Act went so far as to require respective state in the Union to design their own exams and then administer them to every eligible child within their fold. For really the first time in the history of America, this particular reform effort mandated academic improvement as a matter of law, and not just principle (Orefield, 2005). In reality, this quickly became a regulatory issue, as

Compare and contrast music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and contrast music - Essay Example This "Compare and contrast music" outlines the comparison of JS Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto 4 (First Movement – Allegro) and Joseph Haydn’s London Symphony (No.104 First Movement). The most obvious difference between the two pieces is their musical style. JS Bach’s music is synonymous with the Baroque style, with a high contrapuntal texture. The parallel melody lines are tightly and finely woven in Bach’s music. This is evident in the first allegro of Brandenburg Concerto 4. The Brandenburg Concertos contain an assortment of pieces with varying styles. Some were courtly dances like the first concerto, whereas some others invoke a poignant romance like the sixth concerto. Concerto 4 is full of zestfulness and vivacity, particularly the Allegro. It contains many of typical features of Bach’s music, namely, precisely constructed harmonies, harmonic progression, polyphony and intricate part writing. The six concertos as a whole were conceived as experimentation in form. Conventionally the concerto forms identified a solo lead instrument and the other instruments were assigned the status of accompaniments. Such an arrangement is mostly evident in the works of two eminent contemporaries of Bach – George Frideric Handel and Antonio Vivaldi. But unlike Handel or Vivaldi, the musical texture of Bach is such that the distinction between ‘main’ and ‘accompanying’ instruments is constantly challenged. This is deduced from the fact that each melody line can exist on its own accord – they stand as perfectly whole compositions. ... But unlike Handel or Vivaldi, the musical texture of Bach is such that the distinction between ‘main’ and ‘accompanying’ instruments is constantly challenged. (Kanny 2013) This is deduced from the fact that each melody line can exist on its own accord – they stand as perfectly whole compositions. When two such melodies were brought to harmony the music takes on an altogether new dimension. To express in common parlance the sum is much greater than the parts. The greatness of Bach lies in the fact that the parts are themselves complete and rich. This is very much the case in the Allegro of Brandenburg Concerto 4. Here, the flute and two Oboes work in counterpoint to the other, producing a rich and finely knit texture. The other feature of the Allegro in Brandenburg Concerto 4 is its beautifully crafted alternations of tempo. Joseph Haydn is the father of the Symphony. He popularized this form and made it his own. His more than 100 Symphonies composed o ver his lifetime stand testimony to this fact. The piece being perused for this comparative analysis is the first movement of his London Symphony (No.104). The instruments for which it is scored include two flutes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, two horns in D and G. There are also two trumpets in D to go along with timpani and strings. The introduction begins with strings at a slow yet grandiose fashion, alternating between solemn and triumphant moods. Then the only theme of the movement is introduced. The strings play the dominant role in the theme, which is later transposed in A Major to the woodwinds. This is followed by a codetta. Later the theme is developed again with variation. The theme which was first expressed in D

Organizational Culture Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture Model - Assignment Example Due to the company has laid down their model in such a way that they are able to accept change to occur. They deal with the market effect caused by competitors to ensure their superiority in the market. They produce ways to enter the market and ensure they stay in the market strongly and for longer. Second, the customer is highly respected by the company. Complaints from them dealt with the customer service and response given immediately so as to maintain the customer confidence in the market. The company allows the staff to interact with the customer this ensures that they are able to assess the progress and the customer response. The management team then designs solution to deal with the complaints. Third, the company has a policy that encourages teamwork. They create an environment that allows every employee to respect each other and deal with conflict in a way that no one is intimidating the other party. The policy allows people to mingle freely with the other their follow across the board the company policy of teamwork as made them be able to make calculated designs since they are able to meet an agreement due to the togetherness. The company has a set of rules that govern the staff. The rules are to be obeyed and followed them. Failure to follow it usually causes one to be punished. The image of the company is well protected in that this ethic of conduct was drafted to keep the workplace a professional area. All employees are able to read them and abide by them. Lastly, the company has invested in the empowerment of its own staff. They include them in design making. They have created a culture in which the staff feel part and parcel of the company. This allows the management to consider most information to be all members’ information. They are feed with very detailing concerning the company.  

The State And The Nation

The State And The Nation Although the two terms state and nation have different meanings they tend to be used interchangeably and identically bringing confusion to the use of the terms both in intellectual and popular discourse. The terms state means a legal and political entity while the term nation denotes a group of people that share common characteristics such as language, religion and ethnicityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In spite of the difference between the two concepts of nation and state, the two terms tend to overlap due to many reasons mainly the advent of nationalism, Wilson fourteenth point which made the nation-state an ideal form of government and the aspiration to be a nation-state. This research paper will analyze the difference between the two concepts and the reasons behind the confusion about the two terms. The first part is devoted to the difference between nation and state by giving their definitions and the second part deals with reasons behind the confusion between the two terms. Before analyzing the difference between the state and the nation, the two terms need to be defined. First, the state is a legal and political entity that has five geographical components: territory, population, government, organized economy and a circulation system in addition to two political components: sovereignty and recognition. (Glassner and Fahrer, 31-32). Second, The etymology of the word nation as a Latin word natio means birth or descent' (Schulze,99), foreigners that are inferior to Romans, it also means a group of university students. The modern use of the word nation started in the 16 century to mean a group of people that share unified characteristics. (Visvanathan, 533) According to Hagen Schulze, the nation is a state of mind, a community that exists as long as it is willed and lives in the hearts and minds of its members and which perishes when it no longer exists in their thoughts and aspirationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Nations come to know themselves through their common his toryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (99). According to those two definitions we can discern many differences between the nation and state. First, the state has many tangible components such as territory and population while the term nation is merely based on ideas and concepts that run the risk of disappearing if no one believes in them. In addition, unlike the nation, whereby the link between its nationals is a moral one: religious, linguistic, ethnicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the relation between the state and its citizen is a legal one that is channeled through institutions. Second, the state is a legal entity that has authority, a government that represents its citizens and needs both the five geographical and the two political components to be recognized as a state. While the nation is rather an invention (Visvanathan, 533), that is based on history that is modified to serve the purpose of the nation even if it never existed as long as it serves the purpose of uniting people, this means usually turning such negative events in histo ry into positive ones. For instance, the state of Israel used the siege of Masada as a symbol for the glorification of the Jewish nation during their battle against the roman whereby many Jews preferred to commit suicide instead of succumbing to the Romans. Although historical and scientific research shows remains of pigs in the area, a fact which stains the event as it used to glorify people who adhere to Jewish law. Basically history is used selectively by any nation to advance its agenda (Gelvin ,6-9). Besides, it is not conditioned for a community to belong to a nation based on the entire cultural characteristics, sometimes one feature is enough. For instance, the concept of the Israel as a nation is based on religion while language and culture did not matter during its construction. While for the Kurds it is based language and ethnicity. Finally, since a nation needs only one common binding point between its community and the state needs rigid requirements, there are more natio ns than state to the extent that there are multinational states mostly administered through federal system such as Russia and India. Definition of the Nation State The term nation-state was invented to mark the homogeneity of a state in terms of having one unified nation. This term is going to meet problems as it A nation-state has been a mythical goal, often sought, but never fully achieved (Walby, 532) due to its impracticality. According to Saadia Toor The nation-state is a particular form of representative state, wherein it is assumed that the people who live within the territorial boundaries of a state are members of a unified community-a nation-whose corporate interests the state represents. (187) this term is popular among ruling elite and those who espouse to rule as it is The ideal composite of rule and its legitimacy in the contemporary world, (Saadia Toor, 187) For instance, the country of France needs legitimacy. This term brought a problem of making this type of state being sought by any nation in the world as term denotes that Each nation had a right to its own state (Saadia Toor, 188) The Reasons behind the Confusion between the Two Terms First, According to Weber since the nation means a community of sentiment which normally tends to produce a state of its own, (Reis, 252) therefore it is the nation (that) tends to create state (Reis, 252) the basis of this argument lies on the German nation building in which the state was built from the bottom. Even Marcel Maus defined the state as: society integrated in material and moral terms, with a stable and permanent central power, fixed frontiers, and a relatively stable moral, mental and cultural unity among the inhabitants who consciously respect the state and abide by its laws. (Reis, 253) The reasons behind this confusion between the state and the nation is due to the shared space which is regarded by the nation as a homeland and the state is a basis of territory upon it sovereignty lies. Another major source of perplexity in the use of the term lies in the concept of self determination which was brought by the fourteens point of Wilson to denote the right of any nation to have its state therefore the two terms became two faces of one coin. Furthermore, even the use of the word United Nations and league of nation before WWII creates confusion in the use of the term nation to mean a state. The use of the term nation in the UN is ironic because the organization is composed of states instead of nations. Nationalism brought together to be two faces of the same coin and an ideal form of government as it stated by Ernest Gellner Nationalism holds that they (nation and state) were destined for each other; that either without the other is incomplete, and constitutes a tragedy. But before they could become intended for each other, each of them had to emerge, and their emergence was independent and contingent. The state has certainly emerged without the help of the nation. Some nations have certainly emerged without the blessings, of their own state (6). Moreover, the emergence of nationalism after the American Revolution and French revolution brought an upheaval to the territorial state as it tightened the relation between state and society (Axtmann, 260). Before the two revolution, population used to pay allegiance to religious communities and dynastic realms but with the coming of the age of enlightenment people found nationalism to be a new way to be attached to their community and thi s brought the idea of the nation state as The ideal composite of rule and its legitimacy in the contemporary world (Toor, 187), which in its way brought confusion to the use of the two terms. Second, another important source of confusion is due to the fact that nation is becoming an important possession that any human being should have as it is stated by Ernest Gellner Having a nation is not an inherent attribute of humanity, but it has now come to appear as such (6). And regarding the date the state predates the nation even though the term exited for a long time because the modern meaning of the nation came into being only in the 16th century. In fact the A nation-state has been a mythical goal, often sought, but never fully achieved (Walby, 532), to the extent that even the countries currently hold to be nation-states are not homogenous for instance, one of the most insular country Japan has a minority of Ainu in Hokkaido as well as a different language spoken in Okinawa island, France has both ancient and new minorities and even Bangladesh which considered one of the most homogenous countries in earth in terms of religion has a Christian minority in Chittagong. Third, one of the reasons behind the confusion between the two terms has two with some shared characteristics between the two. For instance, as it is stated by Christopher Pierson: nations reflect claims of sovereignty at a particular level (not local, not cosmopolitan). They reflect the formalization of borders and the importance of a shared legal apparatus. They also evoke elements of the citizenship side of the modern state: rights shared within a particular community, authority deriving from the will of the sovereign people, the state as an expression of this collective will and so on (48). The example of Pakistan prior to the cessation of Bangladesh exemplifies states that regard themselves as nation-states in which the integrity-and indeed authenticity-of a nation-state were dependent on the existence of a bounded and unitary national culture, of which language was a crucial part (Toor, 186), which means complete disregard for the cultures of minorities that live in the country mainly the Bengalis, the same can be said regarding the Kurds in Turkey that were obliged to assimilate into the nation of Turkey Conclusion To conclude, the terms nation and state tend to be used interchangeably in spite of their different difference due to the belief in the right of each nation to have a state enforced by such concept as nationalism and self determinism.

Essay --

The Brain Pacemaker: A New Hope For Seizure Patients Molly M. Manley Schoolcraft College The Brain Pacemaker: A New Hope For Seizure Patients Times have certainly changed with the progression of technology and health care; more specifically, with the advances in care for patients who suffer from epilepsy. â€Å"An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms resulting from abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. This activity results in an alteration in motor activity, sensation, behavior or consciousness† (Solomon, 2012). Over the years, medications have been discovered to help minimize the amount of seizures and/or the intensity of seizures in patients of all age ranges; but not all medications are effective because of the variance in each person’s genetic make-up. Although, when medication fails, and the seizures don’t stop, that’s when a California-based company, NeuroPace, rewrites the present and future of patients with epilepsy. NeuroPace is responsible for the creation of the Responsive Neurotransmitter System (RNS); which d...

Effect of computer usage to the academic performance of the selected senior students Essay

INTRODUCTION Video games have come a long way since today’s adults sat down at a computer to play Pong or Donkey Kong. The newest-generation gaming consoles are as powerful as personal computers, and can accomplish many of the same things. And today’s games are increasingly realistic and technologically advanced. Social networking has even made its way into the video game industry with online gaming. These virtual worlds can be complicated and perplexing to parents, which is why it’s important for you to understand what your child is playing and when to get worried. Did You Know? In 2009, over 11 million people played World of Warcraft, an online, subscription fee-based multiplayer game. According to one study, nearly 1 in 10 young gamers displayed behavior patterns similar to addiction.1 The Kaiser Family Foundation found that 8- to 18-year-olds are exposed to an average of 10 hours and 45 minutes of media each day. Whether your child is an avid gamer or rarely picks up a controller, it’s important to understand the world of video games–especially in the age of online gaming–so you can make your child’s experience with games both a positive and a beneficial one. ————— 1. Douglas Gentile, â€Å"Pathological Video Game Use among Youth 8 to 18: A National Study,† CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the study The youth of today no longer seem to spend their leisure activities like in the olden days; outdoor games or playing with toys, instead, they spend their free time in their homes, internet cafà ©s or computer shops simply to satisfy their hunger; and that hunger is Online Gaming. Online gaming has such a profound impact on not only the young, but dynamically every age group as well. So far, virtually anyone is able to go on a computer and  punch through the keys and mouse in order to get a high score, chat with players, get the rarest items, and level up as fast as possible. Yes, there seems to be no restriction as to whom, how or what online gaming can extend to. As in any situation where new technology is introduced, the social impact of the Internet is being looked at. One social problem that has been observed is that the Internet cafà © has become mainly game centres. About one-half to two-thirds of the computers in a typical Internet cafà ©, according to one study, are devoted to games (violent and gory games). The use of the remaining computers was roughly split between browsing, email, online chat, word processing and research. The Internet cafà ©s have become not just game centres. They are becoming centres off addiction among the youth, mostly boys, including elementary school pupils. According to one concerned Internet cafà © entrepreneur, â€Å"Internet cafà ©s are seducing youths to a new form of addiction, one which may not destroy their bodies as drugs do, but which is certainly twisting their minds. To the young play is reality and reality is play.† (Maslog C. (1998) Internet and Social Issues, Philippine Communication Today, Quezon City: New Day Publishers). Online gaming has emerged as a popular and successful source of entertainment and play for people of all ages, especially for the students. It refers to the games that are played over some forms of computer network, typically on the internet. These games are played online, in which you can connect with multiple players. It is normally platform independent, relying on the web browser and appropriate plug-in. It is one of the best inventions that is made ever by human beings. It has the ability to link players together. It has been one of the most popular activities in entertaining for younger people. Because of this, almost everybody is into it. Its fantastic characteristic makes a lot of students become hook on it. It provides entertainment and at the same time, online socialization with different kind of people. But sometimes, it causes negative effects. Development in technology brings many things that people don’t have many years back. One of these things is online gaming that is provided by the internet. Online gaming is one of the widely used leisure  activities by many people. Teenagers who are playing these online games said that they are playing these games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there are a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games, according to some research is beneficial. It enables the mind of the players to be more active, especially those puzzle-based games. It helps the player to come up with decisions in tight situations, especially those adventure games that keep the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing these types of games makes the player experienced different feelings because it is as if the player is really the one taking the challenges. Introduction As time passes by, technology continues to evolve. Because of technology, new things were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest thing ever invented by man itself. In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Almost all the things around us were made by computers with the aid of modern machines. From the edited books, design, special effects in movies, and televisions etc., were all made by computers. Along with the evolution of technology, computers continue to upgrade as well until the time that computer has now become a part of man’s everyday life that are hooked to computers. Computers can now edit documents to your PC, play mini games, search information you need using the internet, save documents to your PC and play online games. It’s like an all-in-one gadget that can do all the things you want anytime you need it. From 1990 to the present year, online games had a big impact to us especially teenagers. Online games have many genres, including FPS games, MMORPG, Casual games and multiplayer games. A game will become an online game if it involves in using a computer or a series of computers with one player in each computer to battle it out with other players using the Internet depending on the game genre. â€Å"Effects of computer usage to the academic performance of students† Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The scope of Computer effects derives a wide scope of related literature that is worth mentioning. In this regard, this literature review concerning the effects of computer usage to the academic performance of students, will address the following areas relevant to this study: History of the Computer; Importance of Computers, Negative Effects of Gaming; Computer Crime; Computer Use recommendations; and conclusion. HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER Many people do not know how, or even when computers were first made. Even before the first electronic computers were made, many people believe that computers started with the abacus, a simple counting device. The abacus is believed to have been built in Babylon in the fourth century B.C. The â€Å"First Generation† of computers started in the very late 1930’s. These computers were grotesquely slow, colossal in size, created much heat, used hundreds of kilowatts of power, and were about as reliable as a used up match (www.pbs.org). As time went on, these computers evolved from using vacuum tubes to transistors. Transistors mark the beginning of the â€Å"Second Generation† of computers in 1947. Unfortunately, the 2nd Generation did not advance as much as most people hoped, but eventually, the â€Å"Third Generation† was brought about by the invention of integrated circuits in 1958. Integrated circuits replaced transistors, and many computer languages came out in this time. Many more computer companies were born during this time, and eventually this led to personal computers for everyday use. Microprocessors introduced the beginning of the â€Å"Fourth Generation† and a time where computers were in almost every house. What Is The Importance Of Computer? Computers are extremely important in the modern world of today. In the fast moving life of the modern world of today, computers hold tremendous significance. Many of us will feel crippled without a computer, as we have gotten so used to this machine. The importance of computers can not be denied in the corporate or business world, at the work place and even in one’s personal life. In the modern work place, pen are paper are becoming extent. It will not be long ,before pen and paper stop to exist altogether. Same is the case in schools and colleges. Children today are forgetting how to write and many blame their awful hand writing on this machine which has taught everyone to type at a speed of at least 50 to 60 words per minute. The children of today have bad handwritings and the children of tomorrow may not even know how to hold a pen. Thanks to the computer. Computer has become an important tool for keeping databases, filing systems, track records. It has made record keeping and account keeping much much easier than it ever was. It helps an organization save tons of times. It has made data analysis extremely easy, and it can be done at a single click of the mouse. Computers also serve as useful tools for communications . Normal post is now commonly referred to as snail mail, as the must faster email has replaced it. INTRODUCTION Development in technology brings many things that people don’t have many years back. One of these things is online gaming that is provided by the internet. Online gaming is one of the widely used leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who are playing these online games said that they are playing these games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there are a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games, according to some research is beneficial. It enables the mind of the players to be more active, especially those puzzle-based games. It helps the player to come up with decisions in tight situations, especially those adventure games that keep the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing these types of games makes the player experienced different feelings because it is as if the player is really the one taking the challenges. Despite those benefits, playing these games also bring negative effects. It requires much of the player’s time, leaving school activities and home works unattended. DEFINITION OF TERMS Online gaming —– are games that are played online via the Internet Internet ————— an electronic network of computers that includes nearly every university, government, and research facility in the world. ICAD——————- Internet Cafes Association of Davao City Eyestrain————- pain and fatigue of the eyes, often accompanied by headache, resulting from prolonged use of the eyes, uncorrected defects of vision, or an imbalance of the eye muscles. Obesity————— the condition of being obese; increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat. Aping—————– the act, practice, or art of copying the manner or expression of another Epidemic———— as used in the study, is a widespread or scattering youth violence

Free Australia Sediba Informative Essay

Free Australia Sediba Informative Essay Australia Sediba According to Falk (2011), Australopithecus Sediba is an Australopithecus species in the early Pleistocene which was identified and associated with fossils dated nearly 2 million years ago. This exceptional species has is associated with at least four partial skeletons that were discovered in Malapa Fossil site in South Africa at a region referred to as the cradle of Humankind world heritage. The four fossil skeletons are one juvenile male; MH1 as the fossil holotype, an adult female; MH2 and allegations are that the other two comprise of at least another adult and a close to 2 years old infant. The MH1 and MH 2 are said to have been buried together and they are close to 2 millions years of age. Australopithecus Sediba initial specimen was discovered in the year 2008 by a paleoanthropologist nine year old son as he was exploring his fathers dig site in the dolomitic hills in the northern side of South Africa. The boy alerted his father and upon investigation he figured out a homid clavicle with a canine tooth sticking out. This is a fossil that is said to have been buried close to 2 million years back and it held much information regarding to human evolution and existence in olden days. In the morphology and the associated interpretations of the fossils, basing on the wide range of he mosaic futures that were exhibited by the cranial and post cranial morphologies, it was suggested that Australopithecus Sediba was likely to be an old transitional species between south African; A.Africanus and either the homo habilis or home erectus (Fuente, 2011). The spotted similarities were that the cranial capacity of MH1 is at the higher end of A. Africanus and it is far from the lower range of homo, however, additional information pointed out that the mandibles and the size of the tooth are quite gracile and similar to what is likely to be discovered in Homo erectus. The cusp spacing was more of Australopithecus and despite MH2 being an adult, the MH1 tooth size was larger than that of MH1. When compared to the A.africanus, Australopithecus Sediba is more inclined to homo than it is to A.ghali. This is emphasized by the noting of various synaponorphies that were regarded as an early anticipation to the reorganization of the Homo erectus pelvis which is associated with an advanced and energetic, efficient walking and running. The femur and the tibia of Australopithecus Sediba are fragmented and it has a primitive foot. The cranial capacity ranges from 420-450 centimeters square which is close to one-third of the modern human. In addition, the other discovery in Australopithecus Sediba was that it had modern hand whose grip is a suggestion of its association with the making of tools by Australopithecus. ORDER FOR: $Â  11.99 document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { $("#miniorder_shorcode form").append($("", { "name": "_token", "value": window.Laravel.csrfToken, "type": "hidden" })); }); However, the most critical question in this matter is whether Australopithecus Sediba is related to biological or physical anthropology. Biological anthropology is the study of the physical development of the human species. This branch of anthropology plays a very important role in pale anthropology which is the study of human origins and a significant part in forensic anthropology which encompasses the investigation and classification of the remains of human for authorized aims. The associations of Australopithecus Sediba to various fossils related to human evolution is significant and a practical contribution to that area of study. Thus, it is essential to make a conclusion that Australopithecus Sediba is in great way related to physical anthropology which is the study of human origins. The discovery of the Australopithecus Sediba fossils in 2008 in Malapa national reserve in South Africa was breakthrough and a big step in the study of physical anthropology. The fossil has been ass ociated with the evolution of Homo erectus and homo sapilis to the modern man due to its advanced characteristics and abilities that were not notable in the prior discovered fossils. For instance, Australopithecus Sediba was discovered to having a more primitive hand that enabled a firm grip that was proof to the ability of the Australopithecus Sediba to the making of tools and architecture. Such ability was lacking in the Homo erectus and homo sapilis prior discoveries which was justification of an advanced fossil of the human nature and development. In such a case, it can be deduced that Australopithecus Sediba is a significant contributor to the branch of physical anthropology. This mans that the two; Australopithecus Sediba and physical anthropology are related in a significant manner and dimension. Biological anthropology being the study of human evolution and development has been able to gain a momentum from the discovery of the Australopithecus Sediba fossils dated to approximately two million years back. Such a discovery has seen the development of the biological anthropology to a section where paleoanthropologists have diverted much attention and effort as they try to make the respective discoveries related to human evolution and development. Such diverted and concentrated efforts have made it possible for the significant early determination of the human species and their origins. Thus, it can be clearly seen that Australopithecus Sediba is closely related to physical anthropology. In summary, Australopithecus Sediba discovery was a significant effort in the unearthing of human evolutions and development. The fossil has been able to render to the paleoanthropologists a lot of information that has been realistic to the efforts towards the realization of human evolution and development from the early fossils. It is however realistic to make a conclusion that the study of human evolution and development was given a boost by the discovery of the fossils and the two; Australopithecus Sediba and physical anthropology are related significantly.

Definition and importance of a tree butt

Definition and importance of a tree butt The butt of a tree is its bottom portion and this basal portion of the trunk is distinctively different from a trees branches, roots, and upper trunk.   A trees  butt is above the roots but separated from the trunk which continues upward toward the terminal bud A trees butt is often referred to by loggers as the bottom log of a felled tree. The first cut  nearly always starts at the butt or base of the tree for the initial cut. It is the most valuable part of the tree when sold and converted to a wood product A tree butt is also important when tree disease is detected at or near ground level. Butt rot diseases  are serious concerns for tree owners and tree managers. A basal rot will inevitably weaken  the tree to the point where its support system is compromised  resulting in trunk failure and the eventual death of the tree. The butt of a tree is also its most valuable section to a timber grower. If there is a defect in the butt log which by definition is the first 16 feet of a tree trunk, the trees lumber grade is diminished considerably. Butt Rot and Effects on Trees Butt rot  is a serious disease of trees and all species are susceptible to a greater or lesser degree. Fungal pathogens are the primary causal agent of butt rot  and attack the moist, vulnerable and under-protected lower portion of a tree trunk where its largest diameter is recorded. A tree is most  vulnerable to rot where the bottom end of the trunk  stem  makes contact with the  soil. The tree butts location, when diseased, can  attack the roots as well causing a disease known as  root rot. These kinds of  infections are  likely to impair the transport properties of the  xylem  tissue found in the cambial region under the tree bark. Again, it also weakens the stem and makes the plant more vulnerable to toppling. Rot in the area of the tree butt can spread to the roots and/or  move up and into the tree compartment producing a roughly conical column of dead, rotted wood which increases in size proportional to a trees age and ability to compartmentalize and stop the spread. These wood-decay diseases can start as a root or butt disease but can  overlap as both root and  stem decays. Most are caused by Basidiomycota  or fungi. They may get in through wounds in the lower part of the tree or penetrate roots directly. Understanding a Butt Log and Its Quality The highest quality logs typically  come from the first or lowest section  called the butt log by timber harvesters. The butt log is where the best, highest quality wood veneer and lumber is found. Wood veneer (usually hardwood) that is sliced  or plywood (usually pine) that is rotary cut  command high prices. It should be noted that high-quality trees with butt log damage or disease will negatively affect what will be paid at the timber harvest time. Buyers of veneer and plywood quality wood will  require certain minimum log lengths depending on the mills operation and set up.   A  common minimum used in North America is  8 feet plus an extra 6 inches  for trim allowance. However, different veneer markets have different requirements for species, wood color and grain quality and can take logs as long as 11 feet plus 6 inches. Top grade veneer logs may have a 14-inch diameter minimum and extra prime grade  can only come from the first butt cut. What is Tree Butt Swell? All trees will have some taper but the most valuable timber tree will maintain a cylinder-like form extending up the trunk. Any extra expansion of  tree trunk butt above the normal stump flare is called butt swell and is normal in some tree species (especially trees on wet sites like cypress and tupelo gum). Sound wood within the butt swell can be used but only as non-construction materials including wood chips and specialty items. Timber cutters are  recommended to cut above the swell for construction logs. Butt swell is considered a defect for veneer logs.

Comparison and contrast between business systems in Japan and China Essay

Comparison and contrast between business systems in Japan and China - Essay Example Business systems refer to those processes that are adapted by a business entity, to generate and deliver goods and services to its customers (Willoughby, 1981 p24). This entails the organization of resources, information and workforce, to ensure that the business applies the right mechanisms to generate and deliver the desired commodities to its customers. Therefore, business systems will differ from one business to the other and from one country to the other, based on the nature of the business, the industry in which it is operating, and the nature f the customers that the business is serving. All these factors combined, and coupled with the business objectives and targets, determine the mechanisms of the delivery that a business entity will apply to meet its customer’s needs. The business systems applied in a certain country also depends on the economic systems, the social and cultural orientation of the society, as well as other external forces that play a role in influenci ng the running and management of a business (Chen, 2004 p33). Factors such as religion and cultures of a people determine the business systems applied in a given country. Therefore, this study seeks to compare and contrast business systems applied in Japan and China, with a focus on understanding the factors behind their similarities and/or differences. Comparison between business systems in Japan and China There is a great similarity between the Chinese and the Japanese business systems. The business systems for these countries are centered on cultural values, where delivering value to the people is the key for business systems in both countries (Liao, 2009 p15). Both countries have the collectivist business culture, where there is a great deal of integration between the business and the family systems applied in the running and managing business. Thus, for both countries, businesses are focused on improving the family values, which are the core and origin of the business concepts. Thus, to deliver value to their customers, the business systems of the two countries are organized on networking as the fundamental principle of earning trust and developing business interactions, with the main goal of carving large market share for the businesses (Chen, 2004 p37). Earned trust is therefore a core value for the business systems in both Japan and China, which acts as the source of business targets and future prospects. It therefore follows that information sharing between businesses, which have established the principle of earned trust, plays a great role in enhancing business connectivity and partnerships. Considering the nature of the business environment in the two countries, where there lacks proper business institutionalized protections, survival and prosperity is only achieved through the principle of earned trust shared between businesses, which has its roots in the cultural and family value systems (Gordon, 2012 p223). Another comparison in the business syst ems between Japan and China is identifiable in state intervention (Wei, 2002 p27). The state plays a very pivotal role in enhancing the environment for business in both China and Japan. The state has maintained a direct involvement in the running of business, through state laws and regulations that guide the running of businesses in these countries. The states have provided policy guidelines that have seen both countries center their focus on the provision of value to their customers, an aspect that has enabled both the Chinese and Japanese businesses to operate successfully outside their domestic confinements (Hefner, 1998 p60). Through state regulation of business value systems, both countries have excelled in international trade, both

Gullfaks Oil field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Gullfaks Oil field - Research Paper Example Oil exploration in the location where Gullfaks main field occupies started after the discovery of Brent Field in 1971. Hence, revealing the prospects of occurrence of Middle Jurassic Brent group sentiments, which are significant and highly rich hydrocarbon reservoirs. The first licensing that saw inception of drilling was in 1978 whereby the first well (34/10-1) managed to go through Jurassic section and encountered approximately 160 m width of oil-filled Brent sandstones region. This comprised of a column, which extends to the basement of Brent Group. Other four wells that followed the initial well were 34/10-3, -4, -5 and -6 whose respective locations are in the western region. The main operator of this field is Statoil, which took over its full operations in 1981 turning it to be the third largest state’s field located in the Northern Sea whose capacity was twice that of Angola (Vassiliou, 2009). Since, then up to date the field stand in the Norwegian history as the first o il reserve developed and managed by one of the state’s corporations successfully. This is to the extent of Norway becoming the third net oil exporter in 2001 whereby its yield reached approximately 223,000 bpd in 2002. The location of main field lies at 34/10 block in the Northern Norwegian Sea, whereby after exploration the main operator (Statoil) spearheaded development of other three key concrete platforms, which are Gullfaks A, Gullfaks B, Gullfaks C respectively (Statoil, 2013). Licensing Authority Statoil acts as the main operator due to its big number of shares though there are other partners whose holdings are as per the table below. Table 1: Gullfaks Licensing authorities Partners Shares % Statoil 51 Petoro 30 OMV 19 Recently, Statoil in quest to advance and increase its yield in platform C has decided to offer a two-year contract to Aibel whose aim is to initiate varied modifications that will guarantee the field’s anticipated production (Stavanger, 2010). Mainly, Aibel will foresee connection of Pandora satellite to Platform C whereby this is one of the first projects the operator intends to undertake besides other varied tasks meant to advance the entire field facilities (Stavanger, 2010). In addition, Statoil in order to be effective and neutralize immense competition globally has recently decided to sell 19% of its holdings to OMV, whereby its operations were to commence in 1st January this year (Oil & Gas Eurasia, 2013). Oil and Gas processing facilities The field comprises of three distinct processing facilities commonly referred as platforms whereby A and C performs are independent of each other besides having three separation stages (Statoil, 2013). Mainly, these platforms include Gullfaks A, Gullfaks B, Gullfaks C whose operations started in 1986, 1988 and 1989 respectively (Statoil,